biografia

nous sapelle llanes e leonardo
nous es llanes 11 ens e leonardo 12 ens
hobit es toucher la guitar.

incas

Tawantinsuyu: The Inca Empire

Tawantinsuyu is the Quechua name for the empire. It literally translates to "The Four Regions" for each of the four Suyus, or regions. The capital city of the Incan empire was Cusco and the city rested on the spot that all four Suyus met. Quechua was the native language.

Though the Incan empire lasted less than 100 years, it made up for its relatively short existence with impressive accomplishments. During that period, the empire had conquered an area that was almost equal to that of the vast Roman Empire during its peak.

The Empire was located in what is now Peru, and it is believed to have begun sometime around 1450. They started out as a tribe under the leadership of Manco Capac and then organized themselves into a city-state called Qosqo. In 1438, under Pachacuti, they undertook an expansion campaign that conquered an area the size of the original Thirteen US Colonies. Pachacuti then organized his people into a kingdom with a federalist system, and built Machu Picchu. They expanded north in 1463.

Then, the Spanish came in 1526, enamored by the wealthy region. As a succession war was being fought at that time, the empire was severely weakened. Francisco Pizarro was the first to engage the Incas in war in 1532, capturing the king Atahualpa. They offered Pizarro gold and silver in exchange for the king, but the Spaniards took the ransom and put Atahualpa to death in 1533. The Spanish put his brother, Yupanqui, in power, probably requiring him to learn Spanish. In 1572, the Inca Empire came to an end.

The Inca Rulers

Manco Capac - Sun God

The first ruler of the Inca, Manco Capoc, is surrounded by myth and legend. There are several versions of the story relating to his life. In one, he is the son of the Sun God Inti and Mama Quilla, which is why he was worshipped as a god. In another, he was a fierce warrior who traveled the land with his brothers and sisters, conquering many tribes to bring unity among the people. Ruling for forty years, he was credited with abolishing human sacrifice, and outlawing incest for everyone, but nobility.

Sinchi Roca

The second king, Sinchi Roca, was Manco Capac’s son. Myths claim that he led his family to the valley of Cuzco. The most famous story associated with him is that of Teuotihi, an Incan diplomat sent to a neighboring kingdom to deliver a message. Upon arrival, he was decapitated and returned to Sinchi Roca. Outraged, he launched a war and won the Battle of Mauedipi. After his reign, Sinchi became the Quechua word for “mayor” just as his father’s name, Capac, became the word for “warlord.”

Lloque Yupanqui

This third king established the public market in Cuzco and built the Acllahuasi, a place where young men and women were gathered to be given out as concubines to nobility or to be dedicated to the cult of the sun god. He was known as “"The Unforgettable Left-Handed One” because he was so ugly.

Maita Capac

Maita Capac’s reign was one of the most glorious for the Incas because he reigned with firmness. He put down many rebellions that had begun under the previous ruler’s reign, including important territories that had escaped Incan rule. He also built many palaces and monuments in Cuzco.

Capac Yupanqui

Capac Yupanqui is known in Incan lore as the great conqueror. He is believed to be the first ruler to successfully conquer territory outside the Cuzaco valley. He also improved many of Cuzco’s roads, buildings, and aqueducts.

Inca Roca

Inca Roca was the king who conquered many peoples, including the Chancas. He also established the yachaywasi, a school for nobles, and improved irrigation techniques.

Yahuar Huacac

According to legend, his name means “blood-crying Inca” because he was kidnapped at age 8 by the Ayarmaca, crying tears of blood. He escaped and returned to his country with the help of a mistress. Yahuar Huacac is said to have abandoned Cuzco when it was under attack from the Chanca, but his son saved the city.

Inca Viracocha

Inca Viracocha played a key role in the finale battle between the Chancas and Incas, but there are conflicting reports as to what actually happened. Some say he abandoned the city like his father, but others insist that he defeated the enemy, and rescued the town. He was considered the first Incan to just rule his country instead of just trying to take over more land.

Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui

Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui transformed the empire from the Kingdom of Cuzaco in the empire of Tawantinsuyu. His name literally means “He who remakes the world.” During his reign, Cuzco went from a small hamlet into a vast empire that within 3 generations had managed to conquer nearly the whole of South America.

Huayna Capac

One of the greatest Inca rulers, Huayna Capac was as famous for his conquests as his reproduction prowess, fathering over 50 children. He extended the empire significantly south, and before his death, he split his empire between his favorite son, Atahualpa, and the one designated to be heir, Huascar. Highly respected as a leader, it’s ironic that the fall of the Inca Empire might have stemmed from his indecision to appoint an outright heir.

Atahualpa

The final leader of the Inca, he defeated his older half-brother, Huascar, during a civil war that occurred after Huayna Capac died. This significantly weakened the empire, allowing Atahualpa to be taken for ransom by the Spanish. Atahualpa was executed by the Spaniards in 1533.

The Inca Achievement

The Incan people are attributed with the birth of hand weaving. They also had an incredible road system. In their engineering field, they lacked paper so they designed buildings using clay models, using things like sliding scales, bronze tools, and plumb bobs. They also used ramps and rollers to construct their masterpieces like Macchu Picchu. Their buildings were made of stone blocks set in mortar while adobe walls were laid over stone foundations. Most were also rectangular with no internal walls.

They conquered their enemies with a very strict military system. Every single Incan male was capable of combat and subject to a draft. Soldiers who abused civilians were whipped or executed. There were two classes of men: higher-up members of the ruling caste, and the native men. They used lances and clubs and they wore armor of wood or cane. Their advanced road system also made them excellent conquerors because they could move and send messages much more quickly than other peoples could.

The Incan record keeping system was unique. Known as quipu, or talking knots, it was a kind of recording device. Made from dried thread that was colored and cotton cords that had numerical cords with numeric values associated with them, it was specifically a base-ten positional system. They typically had around 2,000 cords.

aztecs religion

religion



Aztec religion is the Mesoamerican religion practiced by the Aztec empire. Like other Mesoamerican religions, it had elements of human sacrifice in connection with a large number of religious festivals which were held according to patterns of the Aztec calendar. It had a large and ever increasing pantheon; the Aztecs would often adopt deities of other geographic regions or peoples into their own religious practice. Aztec cosmology divided the world into upper and nether worlds, each associated with a specific set of deities and astronomical objects. Important in Aztec religion were the sun, moon and the planet Venus—all of which held different symbolic and religious meanings and were connected to deities and geographical places.
Large parts of the Aztec pantheon were inherited from previous Mesoamerican civilizations and others, such as Tlaloc, Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca, were venerated by different names in most cultures throughout the history of Mesoamerica. For the Aztecs especially important deities were Tlaloc the god of rain, Huitzilopochtli the patron god of the Mexica tribe, Quetzalcoatl the culture hero and god of civilization and order, and Tezcatlipoca the god of destiny and fortune, connected with war and sorcery. Each of these gods had their own temples within the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan--Tlaloc and Huitzilopochtli were both worshipped at the Templo Mayor. A common Aztec religious practice was the recreation of the divine: Mythological events would be ritually recreated and living persons would impersonate specific deities and be revered as a god—and often ritually sacrificed.

aztecs

aztecs civilization

The Aztec people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to 16th centuries. "Aztec" (Nahuatl pronunciation: [astekaʔ]) is the Nahuatl word for "people from Aztlan",[1] a mythological place for the Nahuatl-speaking culture of the time, and later adopted as the word to define the Mexica people. Often the term "Aztec" refers exclusively to the Mexica people of Tenochtitlan (now the location of Mexico City), situated on an island in Lake Texcoco, who referred to themselves as Mexica Tenochca or Colhua-Mexica.

Sometimes the term also includes the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan's two principal allied city-states, the Acolhuas of Texcoco and the Tepanecs of Tlacopan, who together with the Mexica formed the Aztec Triple Alliance which controlled what is often known as "the Aztec Empire". In other contexts, Aztec may refer to all the various city states and their peoples, who shared large parts of their ethnic history and cultural traits with the Mexica, Acolhua and Tepanecs, and who often also used the Nahuatl language as a lingua franca. In this meaning it is possible to talk about an Aztec civilization including all the particular cultural patterns common for most of the peoples inhabiting Central Mexico in the late postclassic period.

OTHER RELIGIOUS CREECES OF MAYAN PEOPLE


the mayan peopla bleleave that in the eclipse the gods where hungry so they killed people to saciate the gods

Agriculture




Guatemala and its neighboring areas, are the habitat of the Euchlæna luxurians, the wild grass, hybridized with Tripsacum spp from which, the Maize Zea Luxurians, found only in Guatemala and Nicaragua (formerly Zea Guatemala) is derived. It is named "Teosinte" a name that came with the first Guatemalan accession and seems not to have been used in ancient Mexico, the Zea Mays is the variety developed by cultivation. Zea mays ssp. huehuetenangensis is the only teosinte polen, with the same size of the modern Maize. No teosinte has been found in the Caribbean watershed of lowland Mesoamerica, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Yucatan Peninsula. Irene Holst et al,PNAS | November 6, 2007 | 

RELIGION

The traditional Maya religion of western Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, and Mexico (Chiapas and Yucatán) is a southeastern variant of mesoamerican religion. As is the case with many other contemporary Mesoamerican religions, it results from centuries of symbiosis with Roman catholism. When its pre-Spanish antecedents are taken into account, however, traditional Maya religion already exists for more than two millennia as a recognizably distinct phenomenon. Before the advent of Christianity, it was spread over many indigenous kingdoms, all with their own local traditions. Today, it coexists and interacts with pan-Mayan syncretism, the 're-invention of tradition' by the Maya Movement, and Christianity in its various denominations.